Thomas P. Sartwelle, James C. Johnston, Berna Arda
Electronic
 fetal monitoring (EFM) entered clinical medical practice at the same 
time bioethics became reality. Bioethics changed the medical ethics 
landscape by replacing the traditional Hippocratic benign paternalism 
with patient autonomy, informed consent, beneficence, and 
nonmaleficence. But EFM use represents the polar opposite of bioethics' 
revered principles—it has been documented for half a century to be 
completely ineffectual, used without informed consent, and harmful to 
mothers and newborns alike. Despite EFM's ethical misuse, there has been
 no outcry from the bioethical world. Why? 
This article answers that question, discussing EFM's history and the 
reasons it was issued an ethics pass.
 
 
 
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